Role of podocyte injury signaling pathway in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and research progress in traditional Chinese medicine intervention / 中国中药杂志

As one of the main diseases leading to end-stage renal disease, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS) can cause serious complications such as infection. Without effective control, this disease can further lead to the malignant development of the renal function, bringing serious social and economic burdens. As previously reported, the formation of SRNS is mostly related to the podocyte injury in the body, i.e., the injury of glomerular visceral epithelial cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt) signaling pathway, nuclear transcription factor-κB(NF-κB) signaling pathway, mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)/adenosine monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK), transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1/Smads, and other signaling pathways are classical signaling pathways related to podocyte injury. By regulating the expression of signaling pathways, podocyte injury can be intervened to improve the adhesion between podocyte foot processes and glomerular basement membrane and promote the function of podocytes, thereby alleviating the clinical symptoms of SRNS. Through the literature review, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has unique advantages and an important role in intervening in podocyte injury. In the intervention in podocyte injury, TCM, by virtue of multi-target and multi-pathway role, can regulate and intervene in podocyte injury in many ways, alleviate the clinical symptoms of SRNS, and interfere with the progress of SRNS, reflecting the unique advantages of TCM. On the other hand, TCM can directly or indirectly inhibit podocyte injury by regulating the above signaling pathways, which can not only promote the effect of hormones and immunosuppressants and shorten the course of treatment, but also reduce the toxic and side effects caused by various hormones and immunosuppressants to exert the advantages of small side effects and low price of TCM. This article reviewed TCM in the treatment of SRNS by interfering with podocyte injury-related signaling pathways and is expected to provide a reference for the in-depth study of TCM in the treatment of SRNS, as well as a theoretical basis and a new direction for the clinical application of TCM to shorten the course of treatment of SRNS and delay the progression to end-stage renal disease.

A child with diffuse mesangial sclerosis caused by a missense mutation of TRPC6 gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic etiology and clinical outcome of a child with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and diffuse mesangial sclerosis.@*METHODS@#Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes of the proband and his parents. Targeted capture - next generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing were carried out. Candidate variant was verified by segregation analysis in his family.@*RESULTS@#A heterozygous missense variant of the TRPC6 gene, namely c.325G>A (p.Gly109Ser), was detected in the proband. The same variant was not detected in either parent. According to the guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants developed by American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the variant was predicted as pathogenic.@*CONCLUSION@#The missense variant of the TRPC6 gene probably underlay the diffuse mesangial sclerosis in this patient. Above finding has expanded the phenotypic spectrum of the TRPC6 gene.

Analysis of a sib-pair with Finnish type congenital nephrotic syndrome due to variant of NPHS1 gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To detect genetic variant in a sib-pair with Finnish type congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNF).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the sib-pair was reviewed. Coding regions of the NPHS1 gene was analyzed for the sib-pair and both parents.@*RESULTS@#The sister and brother respectively developed severe proteinuria 1 month and 28 days after birth, in addition with low serum albumin, hypercholesterolemia and severe edema, which were suggestive of CNF. Genetic testing identified that the sib-pair has both carried two heterozygous variants of NPHS1 gene, namely c.2605G>C (p.P869>A) and c.-61G>A, for which their father and mother were heterozygous carriers.@*CONCLUSION@#The c.2605G>C (p.869P>A) and c.-61G>A variants of the NHPS1 gene probably underlay the CNF in both sibs. The c.2605G>C(p.869P>A) was unreported previously.

Identificación de variantes del gen NPHS2 en niños con síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente / NPHS2 Mutation analysis study in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

Resumen: La podocina es una proteína localizada en el diafragma de filtración glomerular donde participa en la regulación de la filtración glomerular. Las mutaciones del gen NPHS2, que codifica a la podocina, son la principal causa de síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente (SNCR) autosómico recesivo en niños. Objetivos: Identificar mutaciones de NPHS2 en niños chilenos con SNCR, y establecer la prevalencia de las variantes más frecuentes en un grupo de adultos sanos. Pacientes y método: Análisis mutacional de NPHS2 en 34 niños chilenos con SNCR. Una vez identificadas las dos variantes de NPHS2 de mayor frecuencia, se realizó un screening de estas mutaciones en 223 adultos sanos. El análisis mutacional se realizó por secuenciación directa de los ocho exones codificantes amplificados por reacción de polimerasa en cadena. La secuenciación del DNA se realizó mediante método fluorométrico y las secuencias fueron evaluadas con el software SeqPilot. La asociación entre la presencia de variantes de NPHS2 y SNCR se calculó comparando las frecuencias alélicas entre los pacientes con SNCR y los voluntarios sanos utilizando prueba exacta de Fisher. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: Se detectaron mutaciones patogénicas de NPHS2 en siete de los 34 pacientes (21%) estudiados, de los cuales seis resultaron heterocigotos para p.R229Q y p.A284 V. En voluntarios sanos la prevalencia de p.R229Q fue de 2,46%. Conclusiones: Este estudio muestra que p.R229Q y p.A284 V son las variantes de NPHS2 más frecuentes en niños chilenos con SNCR. Por primera vez se describe esta asociación en niños chilenos, en base a la cual es posible proponer una estrategia de screening para estudio genético en pacientes con SNCR y sus familias. Se propone una estrategia de búsqueda de p.R229Q y p.A284 V en forma paralela o secuencial en estos pacientes.

Abstract: Podocin is a protein located in the glomerular slit diaphragm where it takes part in the regulation of glomerular filtration. Mutations of the NPHS2 gene that codes podocin are the main cause of autosomal recessive steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Objectives: To identify the NPHS2 mutations in Chilean children with SRNS, and to determine the prevalence of the most common variants in a group of healthy adults. Patients and methods: Mutation analysis of NPHS2 in 34 Chilean children with SRNS. Once the two most common variants of NPHS2 were identified, screening for these mutations was performed on 233 healthy adults. The mutation analysis was performed by the direct sequencing of the eight coding exons by polymerase chain reaction amplification. The DNA sequencing was performed using a fluorometric method, and then evaluated with SeqPilot™ software. The relationship between the presence of NPHS2 variants and SRNS was calculated by comparing the allele frequency between patients with SRNS and those of the healthy volunteers using the exact Fisher test. A P < .05 was considered significant. Results: Pathogenic NPHS2 mutations were detected in 7 (21%) of the 34 patients studied, of which 6 were heterozygotes for p.R229Q and p.A284 V. The presence of p.R229Q was 2.46% in the healthy volunteers. Conclusions: This study shows that p.R229Q and p.A284 V are the most frequent variants in Chilean children with SRNS. It is the first time that this relationship has been reported in Chilean children. Based on this, a screening strategy is proposed for the genetic study in patients with SRNS and their families. A parallel or sequential search strategy for p.R229Q and p.A284 V in these patients is proposed.

Familial steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: seven cases from three families in China

OBJECTIVES: Familial steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is rare, and only approximately 3% of patients have affected siblings. METHODS: Herein, we report seven cases of patients with steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome from three Chinese families. Mutational screening of the Nphs2 gene was performed in all the patients. RESULTS: All seven of the familial steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome cases in our sample exhibited minimal change disease, and one case also presented with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, according to the renal pathology. No significant was associations were found between Nphs2 gene mutations and the onset of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome in these familial cases. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of minimal change disease is important, but it is not an unusual finding in patients with familial steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, which appears to be clinically benign and genetically distinct from other types of nephrosis. .

Síndrome nefrótico congénito por mutación del gen de la nefrina: caso clínico / Congenital nephrotic syndrome due to mutation of nephrine gene: clinical case

Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome (CNS) is defined as a corticoresistant nephrotic syndrome which appears in the first 90 days of life. NPHS1 gene mutations, codifying nephrine cause nearly 40 percent of the cases. Such a clinical case has not yet been described in Chile. Objective: Describe a patient with CNS and his genetic study. Clinical case: Full-term 38 week male newborn, birth weight 2620 gr, height 48,5 cm, ALPGAR 9/10. Head circumf: 33 cm. First child, well controlled pregnancy. 16 days after birth, he develops edema, massive proteinuria (3,2 gr/ dl), hypoalbuminemia (0,79 mg/dl) and hypercholesterolemia ( total cholesterol: 318 mg/dl). Renal sonogram showed increase in size and echogenicity in both kidneys, and loss of corticomedullar differentiation. Renal biopsy showed diffuse mesangial glomeruloesclerosis. Genetic study for NPHS1 was performed through direct sequencing of 29 exons and adjacent regions of introns chromosome 19q13.1. Analysis disclosed C567X, ho-mozygote mutation. Conclusions: The first case of Nephrine mutation causing CNSis described in Chile. The importance of genetic studies in these patients is highlighted for clinical decision making.

El síndrome nefrótico congénito (SNC) se define como un síndrome nefrótico córticoresistente que aparece en los primeros 90 días de vida. Mutaciones en el gen NPHS1 que codifica a la nefrina son causantes de aproximadamente del 40 por ciento de los niños con SNC. En Chile no se ha descrito hasta ahora esta mutación asociada al cuadro clínico. Objetivo: Describir el caso de un paciente con SNC y su estudio genético. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo masculino, RNT 38 semanas, PRN 2620 gr, TN 48,5 cm APGAR 9/10. CC: 33 cm. Embarazo controlado primer hijo. A los 16 días comienza con edema, proteinuria masiva (3,2 gr/dl), hipoalbuminemia (0,79 mg/dl) e hipercolesterolemia (colesterol total: 318 mg/dl). Se descarta TORCH (-). La ecografía renal mostró un aumento de tamaño y de ecogenicidad de ambos riñones, pérdida de diferenciación corticomedular. La biopsia renal se informó como glomeruloesclerosis mesangial difusa. El estudio genético para NPHS1 se realizó por secuenciación directa de los 29 exones y las regiones adyacentes de los intrones en el cromosoma 19q13.1 El análisis demostró una mutación C567X, homocigoto. Conclusiones: Se describe el primer caso de mutación para Nefrina en un SNC chileno. Se destaca la importancia del estudio genético en estos pacientes debido a las implicancias en las decisiones clínicas y terapéuticas.

El síndrome nefrótico y el diagnóstico genético en pediatría / Inheritance genetics of nephrotic syndrome

Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS) is found in approximately 20 percent of patients with Nephrotic Syndrome (NS). Podocyte-gen mutations are diagnosed in a half of these children. Nephrin (NPHS1), podocin (NPHS2) and Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WT1) are the most frequently founded mutations. These patients usually progress to End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Objective: Current concepts in genetic diagnostic of NS in pediatrics are presented. A local experience is analyzed. In Chilean pediatric patients with SRNS, a mutational analysis of the NPHSl and NPHS2 gene was carried out by direct sequencing of the coding regions following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic leukocyte DNA with flanking intronic primers. For WTl (exon 8 and exon 9), PCR of these fragments were done. Thirty-three patients were included, 17 males, 11,1 +/- 6.8 years. 54 percent of them developed ESRD, 12 patients were transplanted at the time of the analysis, 5 were under dialysis therapy, and 16 children correspond to ESRD Stage 3 and 4. Genetic analysis showed a gen mutation in 9 patients, NPHSl in 3 and NPHS2 in 6 of them. All genetic NS patients were cyclosporine-resistant. Post transplant relapse of NS was lower in genetic patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion: SRNS in children should be always evaluated from a genetic approach in order to avoid long-term immunosuppression, and to anticipate a clinical evolution after kidney transplantation.

En pediatría, el 20 por ciento de los pacientes portadores de Síndrome Nefrótico Idiopático son corticoresistentes (SNCR). Aproximadamente la mitad de ellos corresponden a mutaciones de genes que codifican proteínas del podocito. Las mutaciones más frecuentes corresponden al gen de la nefrina (NPHS1), la podocina (NPHS2) y del gen supresor del tumos de Wilms (WT1). Estas formas hereditarias no responden a tratamientos inmu-nosupresores y pueden progresar a enfermedad renal terminal (ERT). Objetivo: Revisar el estado actual del diagnóstico genético en Síndrome Nefrótico en niños, y presentar esta experiencia nacional de esta patología. Para el estudio de pacientes pediátricos chilenos, se realizó análisis de mutación del gen NPH2 por secuen-ciación directa de la regiones codificantes por PCR para la amplificación del DNA genómico leucocitario con partidores de acompañamiento intrónico. Para nefrina se procedió a extraer el DNA genómico, y se realizó la búsqueda de mutaciones de NPHSl por secuenciación directa de los 29 exones codificantes y las uniones intrónicas adyacentes, mientras que para el estudio de WTl se practicó el análisis mutacional de los exones 8 y 9, realizado por secuenciación directa del producto amplificado de WT1-PCR. Se han estudiado 33 pacientes provenientes de 29 familias, 17 varones, edad 11,1 +6,8 años. Dieciocho pacientes (54 por ciento) evolucionaron a ERT. Doce pacientes estaban trasplantados, 5 en diálisis, y 16 estaban en etapas 3-4 de enfermedad renal crónica. El estudio genético identificó mutaciones en 9 pacientes (27 por ciento), 3 correspondieron a NPHS1, 6 a NPHS2. Ningún caso con mutación respondió a tratamiento de Ciclosporina A (CsA), y las recaídas posttrasplante fueron significativamente menores en el grupo con mutación (+). Conclusión: Las mutaciones en estos genes deben ser estudiadas en cada niño con SNCR con el fin de evitar tratamientos prolongados e inefectivos, y anticipar la evolución después del trasplante renal.

Síndrome nefrótico familiar: presentación de 12 casos y revisión de la literatura / Familial nephrotic syndrome: case reports and literature review

Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos de 12 pacientes no consanguíneos: 6 pares de hermanos de entre 2 y 16 años. Cinco de estos pares de hermanos carecían de antecedentes familiares de nefropatías; y un par presentaba antecedente materno de insuficiencia renal crónica terminal secundaria a síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente.

Management of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome.

JUSTIFICATION: There is a lack of evidence based guidelines for management of children with steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). PROCESS: Experts of the Indian Society of Pediatric Nephrology were involved in a two-stage process, the Delphi method followed by a structured face to face meeting, to formulate guidelines, based on current practices and available evidence, on management of these children. Agreement of at least 80% participants formed an opinion. OBJECTIVES: To develop specific, realistic, evidence based criteria for management of children with idiopathic SRNS. RECOMMENDATIONS: The Expert Group emphasized that while all patients with SRNS should initially be referred to a pediatric nephrologist for evaluation, the subsequent care might be collaborative involving the primary pediatrician and the nephrologist. Following the diagnosis of SRNS (lack of remission despite treatment with prednisolone at 2 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks), all patients (with initial or late resistance) should undergo a renal biopsy, before instituting specific treatment. Patients with idiopathic SRNS secondary to minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis should receive similar therapy. Effective regimens include treatment with calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus, cyclosporine), intra-venous cyclophosphamide or a combination of pulse corticosteroids with oral cyclophosphamide, and tapering doses of alternate day corticosteroids. Supportive management comprises of, when indicated, therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and statins. It is expected that these guidelines shall enable standardization of care for patients with SRNS in the country.

Síndrome nefrótico cortico-resistente secundario a mutación genética, a propósito de 2 casos clínicos / Corticoresistant nephrotic syndrome secondary to genetic mutation, 2 Case-report

Background: Around 10-30 percent patients with Corticoresistant Nephrotic Syndrome (CRNS) have hereditary glomerulopathy. Objective: Describe 2 children with CRNS on chronic peritoneal dyalisis (CPD), with positive Podocin mutation genetic study. Case-report 1: A 4 years-old male with CRNS and diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) at renal biopsy, with positive R 229Q and A 284V Podocin mutation genetic study. The treatment included Enalapril, steroids and Cyclophosphamide without remission, requiring CPD at 12 years-old. Case-report 2: A 6 years-old female with CRNS and diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) at renal biopsy, with positive R 229Q and A 284V Podocin mutation genetic study. The treatment included Enalapril, steroids and Cyclophosphamide without remission, requiring CPD at 7 years-old. Conclusion: The genetic mutation study should be included in all CRNS cases, in order to guide the therapy and prognosis of the disease.

En pacientes portadores de Síndrome Nefrótico Córtico Resistente (SNCR) se ha demostrado que entre el 10 y 30 por ciento presentan glomerulopatías hereditarias. Objetivo: Describir dos niños portadores de SNCR en diálisis peritoneal crónica (DPC), cuyo estudio genético para mutación de podocina fue positivo. Caso 1: Paciente de sexo masculino, debuta a los 4 años con un SNCR, biopsia renal informa una Glomerulo Esclerosis Focal Segmentaria (GEFS), se maneja con enalapril, esteroides y ciclofosfamida, sin lograr remisión. A los 12 años ingresa a DPC, estudio genético resulta positivo para mutación del gen de la podocina en los alelos R 229Q y A 284V. Caso 2: Paciente de sexo femenino, a los 6 años de edad debuta con un SNCR, biopsia renal informa GEFS, recibe tratamiento clásico sin respuesta, a los 7 años inicia DPC. Su estudio reporta mutación de podocina alelos R229Q y A284V. Conclusión: El estudio genético debería ser incorporado en el estudio etiopatogénico de todo SNCR para orientar el tratamiento y pronóstico de la enfermedad.

Síndrome nefrótico familiar / Syndrome nefrótico family

Se han identificado mutaciones en genes que codifican proteínas podocitarias y existen evidencias que sugieren que el defecto primario del síndrome nefrótico idiopático con lesión mínima pueda estar en el podocito. Se analizó el grado de parentesco de 12 pacientes con síndrome nefrótico (hermanos o padres) y se destacaron las principales características clínicas e histológicas. Entre los 334 niños nefróticos estudiados encontramos a 12, correspondientes a 7 familias, con síndrome nefrótico córtico-sensible (3,6 por ciento). Hubo predomino del sexo masculino (relación 2:1). En 4 familias sin antecedentes de la enfermedad hallamos a 9 niños afectados, dos de ellos, gemelos idénticos. En las tres familias restantes, dos de las madres y un padre, habían padecido la enfermedad. Todos los niños respondieron al tratamiento con esteroides y en los tres pacientes con estos antecedentes, la evolución fue similar a la de sus progenitores. El síndrome nefrótico con lesión mínima y buena respuesta a los esteroides que se presenta en las familias puede no ser un hecho casual y su aparición clínica puede estar relacionada con alguna mutación genética que la condicione. Para definir claramente este aspecto se necesitan más investigaciones sobre el tema.

Gene mutations that codify podocytary proteins have been identified, and there are evidences that suggest that the primary defect of their idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with minimal injury may be in the podocyte. The kinship degree of 12 patients with nephrotic syndrome (siblings or parents) was analyzed, and the main clinical and histological characteristics were stressed. Among the 334 nephrotyic children studied, we found 12, corresponding to 7 families, with corticosensitive nephrotic syndrome (3.6 percent). There was a prevalence of males (ratio 2:1). In 4 families without history of the disease there were 9 children affected, two of them, identical twins. In the other three families, two of the mothers and one father, had suffered from the disease. All the children responded to the treatment with steroids, and in the three patients with similar history, the evolution was similar to that of their parents. The nephrotic syndrome with minimal injury and good response to steroids observed in the families, may not be a casual event and its clinical appearance may be related to some genetic mutation conditioning it. To clearly define this aspect, further research on this topic is needed.

Genetics of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a pathological entity characterized by massive proteinuria and has diverse etiology. Although it is one of the most common renal diseases in children, the etiological factors responsible for idiopathic NS/FSGS remain largely unknown. Previous studies had implicated a variety of factors including genetic factors, although NS is generally regarded as a sporadic disease. Familial cases of NS have however been reported periodically, and both autosomal dominant and recessive forms have been identified. Studies of familial NS/FSGS have led to the discovery of several genes that are expressed in podocytes and are associated with proteinuria. These discoveries have shifted the focus from glomerular basement membrane (GBM) to recognition of the central role of podocytes in maintaining glomerular perm selectivity and pathogenesis of NS/FSGS. Associations with various genes (NPHS1, ACTN4, NPHS2, WT-1) and linkage to several chromosomal regions (such as 19q13, 11q21, 11q24) have been reported in patients with familial NS/FSGS.

Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Steroid Resistant-Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is a chronic, progressive disorder affecting upto 10% of all children with NS. It causes morbidity and mortality due to persistent edema, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis and infection. Progression to renal failure was thought to be inevitable in survivors. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of the disease has identified several responsible genes and proteins. Studies have shown that long term aggressive therapy with combinations of steroids, alkylating agents and cyclosporine, cause complete or partial remission in 20-80% patients. The use of nonspecific renal protective agents such as the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin 2 receptor blockers, and anti-lipid agents retard disease progression. Although these are indications of significant improvement in outcome, further multicentre controlled studies are required to determine the optimum drugs and regimens to be used.

Immunogenetic features of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in brazilian patients of the northeast region of the State of Säo Paulo

Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGC) share immunologic and pathogenetic features. We studied 93 Brazilian patients (46 with SSNS and 47 with FSGC) and 104 control subjects with the objective of characterizing the immunogenetic profile of these varieties of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. HLA-A, -B, and -DR antigens were typed using a complement-dependent microlymphocytotoxicity assay. No significantly association was observed with HLA-A or -B antigens in either group; however, HLA-B7 and -B12 antigens were increased in SSNS patients. HLA-DR7, -DR1 and the combination of HLA-DR1/DR7 antigens were significantly increased in the total group of patients with SSNS compared to controls or to FGSC patients. The study of only Caucasoid individuals revealed the HLA-DR7 antigen remained significantly increased in SSNS patients. The HLA-B7/DR7 haplotype was significantly increased in both SSNS and FSGC patients. Although the Brazilian population is highly miscigenated, the same antigen (HLA-DR7) which confers susceptibility to SSNS in other Caucasian population is still prevalent in this series

Síndrome nefrótica congênita por doença microcística renal (tipo finlandes): revisäo bibliográfica e apresentaçäo de um caso clínico

Os autores apresentam uma ampla revisäo bibliográfica e um caso de síndrome Nefrótica congênita tipo finlandês em um paciente de quarenta dias de vida, do sexo feminino, cujo diagnóstico foi suspeitado através dos quadros clínico e laboratorial apresentados no momento da internaçäo, no Hospital da Aeronáutica de Belém, que revelaram edema generalizado, proteinúria e hipoalbuminemia. Instituída a corticoterapia no segundo dia de internaçäo, a paciente näo respondeu a mesma, e no décimo dia de internaçäo evoluiu para o óbito. Foi realizada nefrectomia bilateral "post mortem" com posterior estudo anátomo-patológico que confirmou o diagnóstico de Síndrome Nefrótica Congênita por doença Microcística Renal - Tipo finlandes - pois evidenciou alteraçöes características da referida síndrome